What is cultural studies? And Production and Consumption of Cultural Studies.

Name : Makwana Ankita m.
Presentation Topic: Q.1 what is cultural studies? And Production and Consumption of Cultural Studies.

Paper No :8.
Roll No :2.
Year :2013-14.
Semester: 2.
Guidance: Dilip Barad and  Heenaba Zala

Q.1 what is cultural studies? And Production and Consumption of Cultural Studies.

vVarious meaning of culture.

Ø ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Cultura ’.

Ø ‘It also meant to honour and protect.

Ø Culture is symbol of communication.

Ø By the nineteenth century in Europe it means the habits and custom.

Ø Culture is the system of knowledge.

v What ‘culture’ means in cultural studies.

Ø It means the mode of generating meaning and ideas.

Ø Meanings are governed by power and relations.

Ø According to the Arnold…..

“Culture is the great help out of our present difficulties:

Culture being a persuite of our total perfection by means

Of getting to know, on all the matters which more concern us, the best which has being thought and said

In the world : and through this knowledge turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock nations and habits, which we follow stiunchely but mechanically…”

Ø 3cs of cultural study…

v Birth of Cultural Studies.

Ø Cultural Studies established in the Birmingham Richard Hoggart first director of Birmingham.(BCCCS-The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies)

Ø Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart both are friend.

Ø It is not published metropolitan but in England. Birmingham centre not central for contemporary not canonical.

v Birth of Cultural Studies.

Ø Cultural Studies established in the Birmingham Richard Hoggart first director of Birmingham.(BCCCS-The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies)

Ø Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart both are friend.

Ø It is not published metropolitan but in England. Birmingham centre not central for contemporary not canonical.

Ø Not culture but cultural.

Ø What is the Signifying aspect of Culture?

Culture is flow always temporary goes on changing.plural discourse plurality, multiple aspects.

Ø Raymond Williams.

Ø He say that…

Ø Culture is timeless / ideal

Ø Culture is documentary.

Ø Social that becomes apparent day to day’s life.

Ø According to the Andrew Milner…

“Contemporary cultural studies has emerged from out of literary studies essentially by wav of a very simple move; by shifting attention from an exclusive focus on the canon of high literary text to an, in principle, inclusive focus on all cultural texts”.

Ø Raymond Williams himself in his essay…

“The future of cultural studies”

Ø Has defined the strength of this discipline in its refusal to give priority either to art or the society but engaging with both the intellectual / artistic project and its formative processes.

Ø In 1958, Williams wrote an essay title…

“ Culture is Ordinary ”

Ø He say that….

“ Cultured is Ordinary; that is the first fact we use the ward culture in these two senses; to mean a whole way of life the

The common meaning; to mean the arts and learning the special processes of discovery and creative effort some writers reserve the word for one or other of these senses;  insit on both , and on the significance of their conjuction ”

v Birmingham Centre for Cotemporary Cultural Studies and Stuart Hall.

Ø Between 1982 and 1987 the Open University offered a one year interdisciplinary course, ‘U203’. This U203 was a course on ‘ Popular Culture ’.This course was directed by Terry Eagleton and also Raymand Williams.

Ø U203 had two main assumption about text and reader and position like….

1.Position is defind in terms of content of tastes, values.

2.Position is also the process by which the signifier and signified(meaning and concept).

Stuart Hall’s wrote essay title’s ‘ Cultural Studies ’

Ø Subject and expression are both determined by structure of social signification structure is ‘ hegemony ’.

Ø

Hall’s early essay ‘ Encoding and Decoding ’ first published in 1973 and set the scene for cultural studies of the media. This essay argued that meaning within texts- songs, painting , and television soap- are organized through the aperation of ‘ certain codes ’.

Ø 

Hall uses the examples of television news to illustrate.Television is one of the most and also best example of news.Hall’s also said that the message form is the form of appearances of the event.

• Culture seems to be divided into two aspects...
• 1. Material aspect of society.
  2. Quantifiel aspect of society.
  Ø Religion is part of our value system.
  Ø Cultural studies include mass or popular culture
• 
  
  

  Ø Distinction between the mass and popular culture. Popular culture deals with Educated.  Mass culture deal with Uneducated. Popular culture depends upon post-modernity. Popular culture is the culture of masses.

  Ø Forms of popular culture.

  Ø Popular culture as opposed to classical music. Mass cinema as opposed to ‘Art cinema’.

  vThe production and Consumption of Cultural Studies.

  Ø The Production and Consumption both are important part of culture. Cultural studies also believes that the ‘Culture of a Community’ and also includes various aspects like…economics, ideological , erotic and political. Culture is not natural thing it is produced. A cultural study is interested in the production and consumption of culture.

  Ø The production and consumption of culture is liked to 3 types…..

  1. Matter of class.

  2. Matter of economy.

  3. Matter of representation.

  Ø These 3 types played important part in cultural studies. The production and consumption of culture is also linked to Power and Identity. The production and consumption of artifacts defines one’s identity.

  Ø Culture is a product that is….

  -Made

  -Marketed

  -consumed

  vPower and / Culture.

  Ø Cultural studies address several questions like…..

  Ø Why is Agatha Christie not studied in English Department when most of people read Christie rather than Tomas Hardy?

  Ø How does walking through the city streets become significant as a practice?

  Ø All these questions suggest a connection between culture and power. Culture is therefore about power. Cultural studies , as we known is about power and studies how power inform all acts of cultural production and meaning generation.

  Ø According to Raymond Williams….

  
  

  “Our description of our experience comes to compose a network of relationship, all our communication systems, including the arts are literally parts of our social organization…….”

  Ø Studying society is about culture, and not only about economics or politics. Communication creates community. Culture is the sharing of meaning. Culture studies also speak about ‘meaning’ and is ‘representation ’.Representation includes the word and sign and its concept and meaning.’meaning’ are processes of language.

  Ø Word + concept behind the word = meaning

  Ø Word, concept, meaning and , context = representation

  Ø Location of culture(1997)

  Ø According to Homibhabha…..

  
  

  “It is the trape of our times to locate the question of culture in the realm of the beyond. At the century’s age , we are less excised by annihilation the death of the author or epiphanies’ the birth of survival by a fenebrarus sense of survival, living on the border line of the ‘ Present’…”

  vCoclusion.

  Ø Cultural studies also analysise from various disciples like…..media studies, popular culture, audience culture etc…The se all are like to institutions, the market, consumer and regulatory bodies. a text is finally related to and read within a larger cultural text. Cultural studies believes that experience and also makes the connections between different structures in society.

  
  

what is Archetypal? Examples…

Name : Makwana Ankita m.
Presentation Topic: what is Archetypal? Examples…
Paper No :7.
Roll No :2.
Year :2013-14.
Semester: 2.
Guidance: Dilip Barad and  Heenaba Zala Q.1 what is Archetypal Criticism? Examples.

vVarious definition of archetypal.

Ø Archetypal means images and symbols are representing in literature its called archetypal.

Ø Archetypal can refer to a constantly recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting or mythology.

Ø Archetypal Criticism is one type of critical theory.

Ø “ A kind of literary anthropology ”-by Frye

Ø As a literary Anthropologist, he relates narrative to the creation of rituals, imagery rhyme to nature cycle.

v In dictionary meaning

Ø A typical idea.

v What is Northrop Frye’s contribution to the archetypal criticism?

Ø The major work of Frye’s to deal with archetypal is Anatomy of Criticism.

Ø Frye’s work breaks from both Frazer and Jung in such a way it is distinct from its anthropological and psychoanalytical precursors.

Ø There are two basic categories in Frye’s framework…

       1).Comedic

       2).tragic

Ø And also each category is further subdivided into two categories.

               

Ø Frye also uses the seasons in his archetypal schema and each season aligned with a literary genre.

1.   Spring.

Ø Comedy is aligned with spring because the genre of comedy is characterized by the birth of the hero and spring is also symbolizes

the defeat of winter and darkness.

2.   Summer.

Ø Romance is aligned with summer because summer is the

Culmination of life in the seasonal Calender.

3.   Autumn.

Ø Tragedy is aligned with autumn because autumn is the

dying stage of the seasonal calender and also known

For the “ fall ” or demise of the protagonist.

4.   Winter.

Ø Satire is aligned with winter satire is a “ dark ” genre.

Satire is a disillusioned and mocking form of three other genre.

Ø Frye’s outlines five different spheres in his chema…

Ø Human, animal, vegetation, mineral and water.

1.   Human

Ø Human world is representative of wish-fulfillment and being community centered.

2.   Animal

Ø Animals in the comedic genres are docile and pastoral.

Ø For example…Sheep

3.   Vegetation

Ø Vegetation is also represented by gardens, parks, roses and lotuses.

4.   Mineral

Ø Cities and temples both are represent the comedic mineral realm.

5.   Water.

Ø The water realm is represented by rivers in the comedic. Water is the symbol of life.

v  Myth

Ø The myth is central informing power that gives archetypal significance to the ritual and archetypal narratives to the

oracle.

Ø Here describes many phases related to the myth like...

1). The down, spring and birth phase.

Myths of the birth of the hero. And also myth of season.Subordinate characters like…

The father and mother.

2).The zenith, summer and marriage phase.

Myth of the sacred marriage and at entering into paradice.

Myth of zenith.

3). The sunset, autumn and death phase.

Myths of the fall of the dying God, myths of sacrifice and death of hero and also myhths of dying stage of season.

4). The darkness, winter and dissolution phase.

Myths of foods and the defeat of the hero.

Myths of the triumph of these powers.

Ø Frye’s asserted literature turn out to play an essential role in refashioning the impersonal material universe into an alternative verbal universe that is intelligible and viable, because it is adapted to universal human needs and concern.

Ø Frye’s archetypal criticism faces with more contemporary literature, that of post-modernism in general.

Ø Frye admits that his schema in “ The archetypal of Literature ” is simplistic.

v Various examples of archetypal in literature.

Ø Archetypal fall into two categories.

1)   Characters and 2). Situations / symbols.

Example.

“ The Golden Compas “ is one of the best example of archetypal.

v Characters.

     1.The hero.

Ø Hero is a one kind of a traps, picaresque and also doing something.

For Examples….Hamlet, Macbeth.

2.The outcast.

Ø Her or she has been cast out of Soiety and also be considered as achrist figure.

For Examples…Pandvas, Rosalind in “ As You Like it “

Ø Simon From William Golding’s

Ø “ The Lord of The Flies “.

                 3.The Scapegoat.

Ø Sometimes he / she goes wrong the test of protagonist and the he prove true at the end.

For Examples…Snowball from George or well’s

Ø “ Animal Farm “ – Tome Jones also.

                4.The Star-Crossed Lovers.

Ø This is the young couple joined by love but unexpectedly parted by fate.

For Examples…William Shakespeare’s

“ Romeo and Juliet ”

Ø Another examples like….Heer-Ranjha, Tess and Angle.

5.The shrew.

Ø Some wife is always bettering her husband with verbal abuse.

For examples…. Kanthapura in taming of shrew.

6.Femme Fatale.

Ø Who is considered responsible for the fall of man.The Bible tell the story.

For Examples…. Draupadi is responsible Mahabharata.

Ø  Another is Seeta and Surparnakha

7.The Journey.

Ø The uintessential journey archetype in Western Culture is arguably Homer’s Oddyssey.

v Situation.

Ø Sometimes farrytale used a archetype and also gives very valuable.That is very basic human nature.

Ø “ Symbol is repeatation of one object ”.

1.The Task.

The Task is very heavy.A situation in which a character is driven to complete some duty of monstrous proportion.

Ø For examples...J.R.R Tolkein’s “ The Lord of the Ring”.

Ø Arjuna Savitri – How they try to fulfill.

2. The Quest.

The characters are searching for something, whether consciously or unconsciously.

Ø Christian’s quest for salvation in John Bunyan’s…

“ The Pilgrim’s Progress ”.

          3.The Loss of innocence.

It is a kind of recurrent pattern. This is, as the name implies, a  loss of innocence through sexual experience , or any other means.

Ø For Example Tom, Moll, Tess.

         4.Water.

          Water is a symbol of life. Waterfall the river is very important.Christian also uses the idea of death and rebirth creation, purification.

Sea / Ocean The mother of all life, timeless and eternity.

          5.River.

           Death and rebirth it is also shows transitional phases of the life cycle.

            6.Sun.

             Spiritual Guru finds Sun.Sun is also crate energy.

              There are two types of Sun like….

            1.Rising Sun  - It also include birth and creation.

            2.Setting Sun – Include death.

             7.Colours.

Ø Red Colour – blood, Symbol of Love.

Ø Green Colour – growth , also symbol of hope.

Ø Blue – secure, Spiritual purity.

Ø Black – darkness, death , wisdom.

Ø White – purity, timelessness, light.

v Coclusion.

Thus archetypal criticism deals with Myth and Rules and Regulations and also deals with old age.Archetypal Criticism also include various season’s and symbols of nature thus we can say that Archetypal Criticism is depend on Nature. Archetypal Criticism is criticized season’s and symbol so we can say that archetypal criticism is one type of critical theory.