Critical analysis of A Tempest.

Topic: Critical analysis of A Tempest.

Name: Makwana Ankita M.

Roll no: 01

Semester:3

Year: 2014-2015

submitted to: Department of English.

v Introduction.
Ø  Author: Aime Cesaire
Ø  Publication Date: 1969
 Ø  He was a poet, essayist, playwright, politician.He was born in Martinique in 1913.A Tempest is third play in trilogy aimed at advancing the tenets of the negritude movement. In 1985,the play was translated into English by Richard Miller.
 v About the play.
Ø  Title.
Ø  What is means tempest?
Ø  Tempest definition, a violent, windstorm especially one with rain, hail, or snow.
v  What is colonialism?
Ø  The control and governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.
v  What is Post-colonialism?
Ø  Post-colonialism mean after colonialism.Post-colonialism is the study of a culture after the physical and political withrowal of an oppressive power.
Ø  Theme of colonialism.
Ø  Cesaire also has a conscious politician aim in reworking The Tempest his play keenly examines key issues and themes of the original in the light of Post-colonial criticism has been a significant literary approach since the later twentieth century when many countries all around the world liberated themselves from European imperialism and European literary works began to be re-examined for their imperialist leaning. The imperialist themes of The Tempest have often been noted by post-colonial critics, with Prospero being seen as an European overlord and Caliban as a victim of this colonist oppression.
Ø  A Tempest Cesaire has also included the character ‘Eshu’ who in the play is caste as a BLACK
DEVIL-GOD.
Ø  It is really a post -colonial respons to The Tempest and such as deals much more with the story from the point of view of Caliban and Ariel.
Ø  In this version Caliban is a black slave and the sprit Ariel is represented a mulatto slave.
Ø  White Colonials suffer from a Prospero complex.
Ø Theme of magic.
Ø  One of the most important theme in Aime cesaire A tempest is the theme of magic Prospero is a magician and a sorcerer. Alonso and Antonio conspire against Prospero , as the reader learns when Prospero explain his exile to Miranda, by denouncing him to the Holy Inquisition for heresy because he dabbles in magic.
Ø Characters.
Ø  Prospero: is a magician.
Ø  Caliban: is a black slave.
Ø  Ariel: is represented as a mulatto slave.
Ø  Antonio: brother of Prospero.
Ø  Miranda: daughter of Prospero.
Ø  Alonso: The king of Naples
Ø  A comparison of The Tempest and A Tempest.
Ø  The Tempest is one of William Shakespeare final plays, written in 1610.The next scene begin much more quietly. Miranda and Prospero stand on the shore of their island, looking out to sea at the recent shipwreck. Miranda asks her father to do anything he can to help the poor souls in the ship. Prospero assures everything is all right.
Ø  In A Tempest story is same but something became changed by characters and dialogue.
Ø  The dialogue on Caliban part is much more harsh and more fragment. In saying
Ø  “I’ll impale you?”
Ø  Prospero  is also good example of the role of power play in the story
Ø Conclusion.
Ø  Caliban’s character and the way Prospero treats him is a good representation of colonial attitudes towards indigenous people. A Tempest also include one new character “Eshu”.
Ø  Eshu is representation of native knowledge system.
   

Frost as a poet.

Topic:Q.1 Robert Frost as a poet.

Name: Makwana Ankita M.

Roll No:01

Paper No:10 The American Literature

Semester:3

Submitted to: By Department of English

v      Biography.                                       

Ø Born: 1874.

Ø Died : 1963

Ø Occupation: Poet, Playwright.   

Ø One of the most popular poet of the American. His mother was of Scottish descent Frost father was a teacher later on editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin. After his death, the family moved across the country to Lawrence high school in 1892.

v     About his personal life.

Ø Frost personal life is not good. In 1885 when Frost father died leaving the family with just eight dollars. His mother died of cancer in 1900.

v     About his achievement.

Ø In 1924, he won the first of four Pulitzer Prize for the book “New Hampshire”.

Ø In 1960 he received the United States congressial Gold Medal for his poetry Mecognition.

v     About his works.

Ø “Stopping by Woods”

Ø “Fire and Ice”

Ø “The Gift Outright”

Ø “Design”

Ø “Mending wall”

Ø “Home Burial”

v     About his Lyrics.

Ø In the lyric of “A Boy’s Will”, representing the long thoughts of the artist as a young man, the stanzaic form follows the conventions of the couplet, the quatrain, the sonnet and the ballad.

Ø The circle and rather spiral pattern of complementary moods, in “a Boy’s Will”, is enriched by an arranged progression of responses to the cycle of nature, starting with a  subdued enjoyment of the autumnal mood, moving through deeds and image of Winter, Spring , Summer and finally returning “with a difference” to autumnal setting.

Ø Cycle of nature.

v      Frost poet of nature and Theme of Nature.

Ø He was a nature poet. He found beauty and meaning. Frost said over and over….

“I am not a nature poet.

There is almost always a

Person in my poems…”

Ø Frost is not trying to tell us how nature works. He also wrote poems about ‘Human Psychology’. Frost uses nature as a background. Nature is separate and independent from man.

Ø He said “I have no doubts about my beliefs”.

Ø His themes and ideas are wonderful.

Ø First in the poem ‘Stopping by the Woods’ there is a lot of nature expressed. First Frost talking about…

“Whose Woods these are we don’t know….”

Ø He also talking about narrator likes to sit and watch the snow. He is also a nature lover. In the second stanza he talking about ice and because he brings ice. Frost also changes his nature view from woods to water. Water is the sign of being powerful. He also shows some flowers and trees are also related with the nature. He also understands nature.

v About his Poems.

Ø ‘Design’ is a very impressive sonnet. It is about an isty-bisty spider, a flower and a Moth. Frost changing the meaning of Design.

Ø ‘Fire and Ice’ Fire and Ice are opposites.

‘Fire’ it is a symbol for desire.

‘Ice’ it is a symbol for hate.

Both are connected with human nature. Relationship is one of the main theme of this poem.

Ø ‘The Gift of Outright’ The subject of this poem is American history. It is a statement about the history and future of the United State of America.

Ø Conclusion.

His another poem ‘Home Burial’ He uses ironic and paradox style.it is a dialogue between husband and wife Some of his best lyrics are….

‘Spring Pools’, ‘A Peck of Gold’, ‘Tree at My Window’, ‘The soldier’.

Various Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.

Topic:Various Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.

Name: Makwana Ankita M.

Roll No: 01

Paper No:12(ELT)

Semester:3
Year:2014-2015
Submitted to: Department of English. 

v     Introduction.

Ø The Grammar Translation Method reflected a time- honored and scholarly view of language and language study. Grammar translation was in fact first known in the United State as the Prussian Method.

v     The Nature of Approaches and Methods in language Teaching.

Ø As the study of teaching methods and procedures in language teaching assumed a more central role within applied linguistics form the 1940s on, various attempts have been made to explore more systematically the relationship between theory and practice within a method.

v     Approach and method.

v     What is a method ?

Ø Simple meaning is way or manner of doing something. In describing methods, the difference between a philosophy of language teaching at the level of theory and principles, and a set of derived procedures for teaching a language , is central .This difference was proposed by the American Applied linguist Edward Anthony in 1963. He indentified three levels of conceptualization and organization.

1). Approach

Ø An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning. An approach is axiomatic.

2). Method.

Ø Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach. Approach and method both are different.

3).Technique.

Ø A technique is implementational that which actually takes place in a classroom.

v     Approach

v Theory of Language

v Theory of Language Learning

v     Theory of Language.

v There are three different theoretical views of language and the nature of language.

  *Theory of Language 

    1).Structural view

    2).Functional view

    3).Interactional View

Theory of Language Learning

v A learning theory underlying an approach or method to answer two questions like….

a). What are the psycholinguistic and congnitive process involved in language learning?

b). What are the condition that need to be met in order for these learning process to be activated?

Here I take one Example.

Ø Process of Encoding and Decoding both are mental process.It is ralated to congnitive process.

2).The Oral Approach and Situational Language teaching

Ø Most of Language teachers today are familiar with the terms oral Approach or situational Language Teaching.

Ø According to Hubbard…

“This method is widely used at the time of writing and a very large number of textbooks are based on it”.

Ø Approach.

Ø Theory of Language.

Ø The theory of language underlying situational language teaching can be characterized as a type of British “structuralism”.

Ø Theory of Learning.

Ø The theory of learning underlying situational language teaching is a type of behaviorist habit-learning theory.

Ø Fribsy , for e.g. cites Palmer’s view as authoritative.

Ø “As Palmer has pointed out, three are three process in learning a language receiving the the knowledge or materials, fixating it in the memory by repetition, and using it in actual practice until it become a personal skill”.

Ø Design.

Ø Objective.

Ø The objective of the situational teaching a practical command of the four basic skill of language goal it shares with most methods of language teaching.

Ø  The Syllabus.

Ø A structural Syllabus is a list of the basic structures and sentence patterns of English arranged according to their order of presentation.

Ø Learner roles.

Ø The learner is required simply to listen and repeat what the teacher says and to respond a questions and command.

Ø Teacher’s Roles

Ø The teacher’s faction is threefold. In the presentation stage of the lesson, the teacher serves as a model setting up situations in which the need for the target structure is crated and then modeling the new structure for students

 to repeat.

v     Conclusion

The model present in this chapter to show that any language teaching method can be described in terms of the issues identified here at the level of approach, design and procedures. In this chapter also describe cognitive process. The essential features of SLT are seen in the “P-P-P”

v P-Presentation

v P-Practice

v P-Production.

Poets of the Modern Age

Topic : Poets of the Modern Age.

Name : Makwana Ankita M.

Roll No : 01.

Paper No :9.(The Modern Age)

Semester : 3.

Year : 2013-14.    

Submitted To :Department of English

v Introduction.

v Time-1901- 2000

Ø The Modern Age is different from the Victorian Age. Thus the year 1901 can be fixed as the year marking the end of the Victorian age and the beginning of the Modern Age. It is one of the most turbulent eras in the history of English Literature. It is an Age of Scientific. The Modern Age is the most complex, complicated and revolutionary age in the history of the world.

v     Modernism as a cultural movement.

v Artistic, architecture and literary moment and movement making the early decades of the 20^th century. This Age is also including: Imagism, cubism, Expressionism, impressionism.

v     Poets and Poetry.

v There are many poets of this Age like…T.S Eliot, W.B Yeats, John Masefield etc….poetry of the 1900-1922 period is often read under two poetry.

      

1) Edwardian Poet.

Ø These all are Edwardian poets.

     1).Thomas Hardy.

Ø He was famous for his fiction. He also wrote some war poetry.

Ø Some of his war poems.

1)Channel Firing

2)The Man He Killed

222)Robert Brooke 

Ø Rupert Brooke is another poet of this poetry. He wrote only five poems about war. He was famous for his war poems. The most celebrated of these two poems is the sentimental sonnet ‘The Soldier’.

Ø      Henry New bolt, John Davidson, Thomas Edward these all are also good writer of this poetry.

2).Georgian Poetry.

Ø The Georgian poets reacted against the decade’s transitional poetry. Rupert Brooke planned to publish a volume of poem as a “work of twelve different writers”. The publication of this volume, edited The Georgian Poetry. This poetry appeared between 1912 and 1922.

Ø Aim of this Poetry.

Ø The main aim of this poetry is…

“On a new strength and beauty”.

Ø According to A.S.Collins…

“The Georgians had, of course, a positive aim. It was to treat natural thing ….”

Ø Georgian Poets.

1). John Masefield.

Ø He was a central poet of this poetry.

Ø His works…

       1. Ballads and poems

       2. England Beginning and Wandering

       3. The Salt Water Ballads.

v He also beautifully combined romance with realism.

2).Walter De La Mare.

v He was an eminent Georgian poet. Childhood band its

Fantasies as well as death and melancholic these all are chief characteristics of de la Mare’s poetry.

v He was a great lyric poet.

v     Another poet of this age.

v     W.B.Yeats.

Ø Yeats was a voluminous poet. Yeats was deeply influenced by Indian Philosophy and mysticism. His last poems, The Black Tower and Under Ben Bulben to indicate the influence of Indian thought. He resorted to…

“Imaginative mysticism which is the essential attribute of celtricim”.

Ø His style is compact and closely woven.

v     T.S.Eliot.

Ø He was greatest poet of this age. The first volume of Eliot poetry Prufrock and other observations appearedin 1917.His famous poem “The Waste -Land” this poem is one of the best poem of this Age.

Ø This poem divided into FIVE parts…

1. The Burial of the Dead

2. A Game of Chess

3. The Fire Sermon

4. Death by Water

5. What the Thunder Said

Ø T.S.Eliot is a classicist. In The Waste Land and The Hollwo Man he describes the spiritual degeneration of Man.

v     Conclusion.

Ø T.S.Eliot is one of the most famous poets of this Age. Some of the oxford poets are…W.H.Auden, Stephen Spender these all are Known as oxford poets. Roy Campbell’spoetry is vigorous and satiric.